Renewable source energy pdf

From to imports will increase duced An gradually mainly because a high national and international estimated Fuel imports reached 29 billion USD sources, 3. Mexico0 s total energy sources Fig.

The remaining energy sources contribute slightly to Mexico0 s overall 3. Energy policy in Mexico Similar to other world regions, Mexico experienced important reforms in the energy sector in power, gas and oil segments during Thousand of barrels per day the s.

Thousands of barrels per day of imported of gasoline squares, left axis , diesel triangles, right axis and jet fuel circles, right axis. Actual imports solid experience. This law regulates, among others, the participation in line , projected imports dashed line [37]. Private investment is also allowed in the world ranking power generation.

Once oil Electricityb GWh 50 Crude oila 1. Renewable 6. Mexico0 s energy global production, [15]. A report produced by GTZ hydropower and hydroelectric. Germany in collaboration with the Energy Ministry in Mexico Fig. It is noted that almost three quarters of important role in the National Strategic Plan for Development the research publications In this biomass as renewable energy, followed by solar energy These data highlight the relatively low attention 2.

Geothermal and hydropower did economically, environmentally and socially responsible forms. Taking into account the evolution of this research publications Fig. One is the recent Energy Reform approved following an exponential trend through the time. The investigation by the Congress of the Union. Although the degree of delay in exponential trend until Finally, the Law for the Use of Renewable Energy and are presented in the following sections.

This Law establishes, among other issues, the legal aspects 4. RES in Mexico in the world ranking and conditions for the use of renewable energy and clean technologies as well as reducing the use and dependency of fossil The main institutions in Mexico that have contributed the most fuels. This paper considers the ten institutions that [50]. The Fund will create a Technical Committee for the administration, and the assignment and distribution of resources in order to promote the Solar These three legal instruments are expected to create a better framework to support renewable energy in general Wind 4.

This study used the number of web publications in the Scopus database as a reference, as has been done for other studies from different areas of knowl- Hydropower 2. The keywords used for each renewable Biomass i Research effort of renewable energy sources in Mexico from — Table 4 Leading mexican institutions by number of publications on solar energy in the period — Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Solar Mexican institution with the highest research publications, fol- Mexico occupies 27th place with a contribution of 0.

As shown in Table 4 the institution that has the largest number of publications on this technology in the last 30 years in Mexico is Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Biomass followed by Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados 9.

Table 6 shows that research of biomass energy Regarding wind technology, Mexico occupies 34th place with a during the last 30 years has been led by Universidad Nacional contribution of 0. Notably, the Universidad Table 7 Leading mexican institutions by number of publications on geothermal energy in Nacional Autonoma de Mexico is the institution that has contributed the period — In the case of geothermal energy, the Instituto de Investiga- Institution Geothermal Type ciones Electricas has mainly led this research.

According to the national energy databases [15], Mexico produced Table 8 , GWh during On the other hand, national consump- Leading mexican institutions by number of publications on hydropower in the tion was , GWh where the industrial sector was character- period — This sector consumed Geothermal construction with a total installed capacity of MW. Mexico occupies the 9th place California, Veracruz and Nuevo Leon.

Oaxaca and Veracruz have with a contribution of 3. The institutions that have the highest the highest number of wind and biomass projects respectively number of research publications were Instituto de Investigaciones Table 9. By law, only hydroelectric projects with an installed Electricas Table 7. Solar 4. In Mexico and Singapore. The potential of solar energy in Mexico is one of the Table 8 , this technology has been studied mainly by Universidad highest in the world [34].

This is because the country is located in the Nacional Autonoma de Mexico The present study indicates that renewable energy research has been led during the last 30 years by the USA solar energy, biomass energy and geothermal energy and China wind energy and hydropower. Regarding Mexico, the country showed the lowest contribution in hydropower and wind energy.

The 50 possible explanation for this low percentage is that research of these technologies started much later than the others, and respectively. Cumulative contribution to power generation by source [64]. Within Mexico, the solar Microm, Iberdrola and Siliken [46]. Concentrated solar power and water heaters that goes from 5. According to the latest National Energy Balance report, 5. This technology is mainly used in operation, but several projects under construction to reach an addi- Mexico to heat water for pools, hotels, sports, clubs, homes, tional installed capacity of By the end of , the hospitals and industries [46,67].

The project 5. Mexico is the main supplier of PV The installed capacity of wind power farms in operation modules in Latin America and has an annual production capacity reached about MW Table The self-supply scheme allows Renewable power stations in MW [67].

This system is connected to the national Oaxaca 33 21 interconnected grid system with a power capacity of It is planned Veracruz 40 to add MW through private generators [63]. Mexico has a wind Nuevo Leon 28 energy potential of 71, MW [70], although only 1.

As shown in Fig. They have a capacity of Otros 2 10 17 Total 52 MW in operation and there are also seven projects under construction, with a total estimated capacity of MW. It is Fig. Atlas of solar source potential [68]. Atlas of wind source potential. There are currently three projects under construction D The Northern and Central Region comprised by the states of with a total installed capacity of MW in the Rumorosa region. Nuevo Leon has installed MW been delayed by legal uncertainty in land lease contracts between for power generation and San Luis Potosi has a wind power private developers and communal land owners in the area.

Biomass Geothermal power stations owned by CFE [67]. There were 59 reported operating projects for co-generation Station Status Installed Location capacity MW and power supply in [67]. Roo and the island of Cozumel. Mexico is the third largest country in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of the cropland area, following Brazil and Argentina [76]. In , the cultivated area was Hydropower with an agricultural production of million tons. The private sector has 28 stations located in nine states post.

The biomass utilization for obtaining energy is an attractive with a total installed capacity of MW. Before promoting biofuel production, sites for its exploitation. Research investment in bioenergy in Mexico has been increasing during the last years Fig. The trend in the number of projects can 5. Geothermal be divided in two sections. The period — showed a reduced number of approved projects, from 23 to The state of Baja California has the largest share in this The summation of each year0 s approved budget during this period technology.

Present installed geothermal-electric capacity in Mex- was The average approved budget per project increased from capacity is MW because two old Unfortunately, Cerro Prieto were decommissioned in Due to the high investment needed for geothermal exploration, the potential of this RES in Mexico has not been fully evaluated. Considering recent estimates of the geothermal electric 7. Number of projects squares and budget circles per year in biomass Table 16 energy in Mexico [75].

Expected additional power generation capacity under Self-supply schemes — [69]. Therefore, there are huge investment opportunities to improve the use of RES, but also there Wind The lack of valorization of the use of renewable energies stability in energy prices in long- term and energy security and the important oil resources of the country, mean that policies and energy prospective are At the end of , there were renewable energy power based on fossil fuels reserves.

B Policies: the fact that public institutions, which provide electric These generation schemes considered self-supply, independent energy to the country, have to consume the cheapest source by power producer, small power producer, co-generation. Self-supply law fossil fuels in this case , leads to the non-promotion of had the highest installed capacity, Wind energy had most of the considered.

The expected additional C Technology: although potential of most RES are known, some power generation capacity under self-supply schemes for the others have not been considered such as low-enthalpy geother- included wind, solar, hydro and biomass sources; the highest mal energy or wave power.

It compensates the cost of used E Promotion of educational, research and development programs power with the one contributed to the national network. Conclusions [11] Dincer I. Environmental impacts of energy. Energy Policy ;— Renew Sustain Energy Rev ;— In this paper a review of the research, use and potential of [13] Network R.

Renewables Global Status Report National Energy Balance A prospective study of bioenergy use in Mexico. The publicly owned company Energy ;— Mexico ranks 16th worldwide in power Experimental evaluation of using various renewable energy generation and the Federal Electric Commission CFE is the 6th sources for heating a greenhouse.

Energy Build ;— Experimental investigation of a two-phase closed thermosy- relatively high crude oil reserves, the import of gasoline, diesel and phon solar water heater.

Solar Energy ;— Thermal performance of a solar-aided latent heat store used for space jet fuel are still increasing due to the high demand of these fuels and heating by heat pump. By , Mexico produced Numerical and experimental analysis of a horizontal Of this total an estimated 6.

Build Environ ;— Experimental investigation of using ground source heat bioenergy and geothermal power had the highest impact. Power pump system for snow melting on pavements and bridge decks. Sci Res Essays generation from renewable energy sources in Mexico is regarded to be ;— Renew Energy contribution has remained stagnant during the last decade. Research ;—8. Technoeconomic appraisal of a ground source heat Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in hydropower, wind, pump system for a heating season in eastern Turkey.

Energy Convers Manag ;— Geographic references and territorial expansion of Mexico. Mexico: A country study Water statistics in Mexico Mexico: Weather in Mexico Although current power generation from solar technolo- [32] UNdata.

Energy Sector Programme — Electricity Sector Prospective — Energy and Environment Towards Sustainable Development. Oil Prospective — Projects and Investment Program in the Electric Sector — Energy and Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Guidelines for the formulation of energy policies.

Energy barriers that do not allow RES technologies to exploit their potential. Policy ;— Using renewable energy can help to reduce energy imports and reduce fossil fuel use, which is the largest source of U. The Reference case generally assumes that current laws and regulations that affect the energy sector, including laws that have end dates, remain unchanged throughout the projection period.

The potential effects of proposed legislation, regulations, or standards are not included in the AEO Renewable energy explained. What is energy? Units and calculators. Use of energy. Energy and the environment. Also in What is energy? Forms of energy Sources of energy Laws of energy. Also in Units and calculators explained Units and calculators Energy conversion calculators British thermal units Btu Degree days. Also in U.

Also in Use of energy explained Use of energy Energy use in industry Energy use for transportation Energy use in homes Energy use in commercial buildings Energy efficiency and conservation. Also in Energy and the environment explained Energy and the environment Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases and the climate Where greenhouse gases come from Outlook for future emissions Recycling and energy. Nonrenewable sources. Oil and petroleum products.

Diesel fuel. Heating oil. Also in Oil and petroleum products explained Oil and petroleum products Refining crude oil Where our oil comes from Imports and exports Offshore oil and gas Use of oil Prices and outlook Oil and the environment. Also in Gasoline explained Gasoline Octane in depth Where our gasoline comes from Use of gasoline Prices and outlook Factors affecting gasoline prices Regional price differences Price fluctuations History of gasoline Gasoline and the environment.

Also in Diesel fuel explained Diesel fuel Where our diesel comes from Use of diesel Prices and outlook Factors affecting diesel prices Diesel fuel surcharges Diesel and the environment. Also in Heating oil explained Heating oil Where our heating oil comes from Use of heating oil Prices and outlook Factors affecting heating oil prices.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids. Natural gas. Also in Hydrocarbon gas liquids explained Hydrocarbon gas liquids Where do hydrocarbon gas liquids come from? Transporting and storing Uses of hydrocarbon gas liquids Imports and exports Prices. Also in Natural gas explained Natural gas Delivery and storage Natural gas pipelines Liquefied natural gas Where our natural gas comes from Imports and exports How much gas is left Use of natural gas Prices Factors affecting natural gas prices Natural gas and the environment Customer choice programs.