Virus schmallenberg ovins

Moreover, the detection of SBV-specific antibodies in foetal heart blood aborted foetuses or in serum collected prior to ingestion of colostrum neonates can confirm congenital SBV infection [ 69 , , ]. Milk lacto-serum samples can also be used to detect SBV-specific antibodies [ ]. Similar to a number of other livestock diseases such as Bovine Viral Diarrhoea and Bovine Leukemia [ , ], a number of research studies have investigated the relationship between SBV antibody titres in serum and milk samples.

Bulk tank milk antibody titres are highly predictive of within-herd SBV seroprevalence and can be used as a surveillance tool to monitor SBV infection dynamics in dairy cattle herds [ ].

One study demonstrated that antibody titres in individual animal milk samples were significantly higher when compared to serum samples in dairy cattle [ ].

Virus-specific antibodies can be detected in serum and milk using a variety of assays including in-house and commercial ELISAs there are several commercial antibody ELISA-Kits available , micro-neutralisation and indirect immunofluorescence tests [ , , , ]. A European-wide ring trial demonstrated limited inter-laboratory variation in the detection of SBV-specific antibodies in serum and that the virus neutralisation test was more sensitive compared to a number of different ELISAs [ ].

This is particularly important to consider in the context of selecting the most appropriate diagnostic tests to use in order to confirm the emergence of SBV in new geographical regions. A number of surveillance systems were established across Europe in order to monitor for SBV re- emergence and re- circulation. These included syndromic surveillance, sentinel herd surveillance, cross-sectional seroprevalence studies and pathogen surveillance in animals and vectors.

In the Netherlands a syndromic surveillance system based on routinely collected cattle reproduction and milk production data proved effective for the early detection of outbreaks of Bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses [ ]. Regional sentinel veterinarians were also used in a France to monitor suspect SBV cases arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in ruminants [ ].

However, it is recognised that microclimatic temperatures provide better estimates of vector-borne disease transmission parameters when compared to standard meteorological temperatures, as the microclimate represents the actual temperatures to which the vectors are exposed [ ].

Vector-borne disease transmission models for Schmallenbreg virus commonly use mathematical equations originally developed for Bluetongue virus serotype 9, for example Bessel et al. This is often because there are no specific experimental data on the relationship between temperature and virus replication rate extrinsic incubation period in Culicoides midges for SBV.

Further research in this area is recommended in order to determine the microclimatic conditions which are favourable for SBV replication in Culicoides species; this could enable more reliable predictions of SBV epidemics. Within the first 2. It is likely that the neighbouring countries have also had SBV infections but confirmed cases have not yet been reported. A model for the transmission of SBV between regions in Europe suggested that vector dispersal is the principal mechanism for transmission of SBV, even at the continental scale [ ].

More recently, SBV has been reported in countries outside of Europe, including Azerbaijan [ 31 ], China [ 32 ], Ethiopia [ 33 , 34 ], Iran [ 35 ], Lebanon [ 36 ], Namibia [ 38 ] and Mozambique [ 31 , 37 ] suggesting possible geographical expansion of SBV.

However, reports of SBV emergence in new geographical regions which are based solely on serological detection of SBV antibodies, particularly when samples originate in regions where other Simbu viruses are known to be enzootic, should be interpreted cautiously as some ELISAs can have cross-reactivity between SBV and other Simbu viruses [ ].

Schmallenberg virus re-emergence and recirculation occurred in cattle herds in Ireland [ ] and in the UK [ 27 , , ] during and resulting in a drop in milk yield and congenital malformations in calves and lambs. While a number of these cases are in livestock in regions where SBV had circulated previously, confirmed reports of SBV emergence in the north and north west of Ireland where the virus had not been detected previously , suggests geographical expansion of SBV into regions with little, if any, SBV herd or flock immunity [ 30 ].

Further research is recommended to determine the current herd immunity to SBV in Europe; this information can in turn be used by policy makers, veterinarians and farmers to inform decisions regarding the future risk of SBV circulation and possible epidemics. A sentinel surveillance program to monitor SBV infection in Irish cattle herds proved very effective in monitoring for SBV recirculation and re-emergence [ 20 , 28 ].

For example, in Australia, the National Arbovirus Monitoring Program NAMP is very effective in monitoring arboviruses such as Akabane, bluetongue and bovine ephemeral fever viruses [ ]. Future arbovirus surveillance work in Ireland and in Europe could be based on such a program; the establishment of a European-wide sentinel herd surveillance program, which incorporates bovine serology and Culicoides entomology and virology studies to monitor for the emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses such as SBV, bluetongue virus and other novel Culicoides -borne arboviruses is recommended.

In response to the European Schmallenberg epidemic in , a number of research studies aimed to develop suitable SBV vaccines for use in domestic ruminants to protect against SBV infection. Wernike et al. A double deletion mutant of Schmallenberg virus modified live vaccine was also reported avirulent and protected animals against SBV infection [ ]. These vaccines were marketed in France and the UK in , in the Republic of Ireland in , and later marketed to the rest of the Europe in May In Scotland, one study which developed a stochastic mathematical model of SBV spread to investigate the optimal deployment of a vaccine found that SBV vaccine impact is optimised by targeting it at high risk areas or vaccinating only cattle [ ].

The same study also demonstrated that at higher than average temperatures, and hence increased Culicoides transmission potential, the relative impact of vaccination was also considerably enhanced [ ]. Despite the initial uptake of vaccine among veterinarians and farmers in Ireland, both vaccines were subsequently withdrawn from the Irish market due to a reduction in demand. There is no specific treatment available for SBV infection. Alternative, but less reliable control measures have been proposed.

As SBV is an insect-transmitted virus, the use of insecticides or repellents directed against vectors could, in theory, be useful to prevent virus transmission from virus-infected midges to susceptible animals. However, one case-control study demonstrated no evidence of protection from such treatments against SBV infection [ ].

Strategic management of the breeding season has also been suggested [ 95 ]; adjusting the breeding season to avoid having animals at the most critical phase of gestation during the period when SBV arbovirus vectors are most active vector-active period spans from April to November in Ireland , may help reduce the possibility of virus transmission.

However, this could result in significant implications for both sheep and cattle management in seasonal-based production systems such as in Ireland. Moreover, changing breeding times for livestock is likely to have economic implications for farmers, particularly for early lambing sheep farms. In this instance, young animals are more likely to be exposed to SBV before their first breeding season.

Rather, a combination of a number of control measures is required to reduce the risk of SBV infection in domestic livestock. Since SBV was first identified in , a considerable body of scientific research has been conducted internationally on this novel emerging virus.

This review provides a comprehensive synopsis of the most up-to-date scientific literature regarding SBV internationally. Moreover, the review also highlights current knowledge gaps in the literature, most notably the need for further research to determine if, and to what extent, SBV circulation occurred in Europe during and This information will be critical to determine the current herd immunity to SBV in Europe and can in turn be used by policy makers, veterinarians and farmers to inform decisions regarding the future risk of SBV circulation and epidemics.

The authors of this review recommend that SBV circulation in continental European countries during and be investigated. The results of this review also highlight that currently, there is no commercial vaccine available to protect domestic ruminants against SBV infection, and historically when a vaccine was available, uptake was low. It would therefore be prudent to continue monitoring for Schmallenberg virus circulation in previously exposed and unexposed regions in Europe.

Moreover, the establishment of a European-wide sentinel herd arbovirus surveillance program, which incorporates bovine serology and Culicoides entomology and virology studies, at national and international level to monitor for the emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses such as SBV, bluetongue virus or other novel Culicoides -borne arboviruses, is also recommended. Available at www.

Accessed 13 Aug Risk factors for human disease emergence. Novel orthobunyavirus in Cattle, Europe, Emerg Infect Dis. Vet Path Online. Antiviral Res. Epizootic of ovine congenital malformations associated with Schmallenberg virus infection.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. PubMed Google Scholar. Detection of Schmallenberg virus in different Culicoides spp. Transbound Emer Dis. Epidemiology, molecular virology and diagnostics of Schmallenberg virus, an emerging orthobunyavirus in Europe. Vet Res. The Schmallenberg virus epidemic in Europe—— Prev Vet Med.

PubMed Article Google Scholar. Detection and partial sequencing of Schmallenberg virus in cattle and sheep in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. Schmallenberg virus cases identified in Ireland. Vet Rec. Prevalence and distribution of exposure to Schmallenberg virus in Irish cattle during October to November BMC Vet Res.

A bulk milk tank study to detect evidence of spread of Schmallenberg virus infection in the south-west of Ireland in Ir Vet J. Re-emerging Schmallenberg virus infections, Germany, Schmallenberg Virus among Female Lambs, Belgium, Follow-up of the Schmallenberg Virus Seroprevalence in Belgian cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis. Schmallenberg Virus Recurrence, Germany, Surveillance du virus Schmallenberg en France: une circulation peu intense en Google Scholar.

Schmallenberg virus activity in cattle in Switzerland in Post-epidemic Schmallenberg virus circulation: parallel bovine serological and Culicoides virological surveillance studies in Ireland. A freedom from disease study: Schmallenberg virus in the south of England in Transmission of Schmallenberg virus during winter, Germany. Dynamics of Schmallenberg virus infection within a cattle herd in Germany, Epidemiol Infect. Inferences about the transmission of Schmallenberg virus within and between farms.

Schmallenberg virus: State of art. EFSA J. Accessed 12 Aug Significant re-emergence and recirculation of Schmallenberg virus in previously exposed dairy herds in Ireland in Resurgence of Schmallenberg virus in Belgium after 3 years of epidemiological silence.

Barrett D. Lessons learnt from the emergence and re-emergence of Schmallenberg virus in Ireland. Doctoral dissertation. Dublin: University College Dublin; Schmallenberg virus in Azerbaijan — Arch Virol.

Preliminary serological evidence for Schmallenberg virus infection in China. Trop Anim Health Prod. Serological evidence of Bovine herpesvirus-1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus and Schmallenberg virus infections in relation to reproductive disorders in dairy cattle in Ethiopia. Acta tropica. Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus in dairy cattle in Ethiopia. Detection of Schmallenberg virus antibody in equine population of Northern and Northeast of Iran.

Vet World. Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus and other Simbu group viruses among the Lebanese sheep.

Open Vet J. Rystedt M. Schmallenberg virus among ruminants in the Gaza province, Mozambique. Antibodies against Schmallenberg virus detected in cattle in the Otjozondjupa region, Namibia. J S Afri Vet Assoc. Elliott RM. Molecular biology of the Bunyaviridae. J Gen Virol. Recent advances in the molecular and cellular biology of bunyaviruses. How is Europe positioned for a re-emergence of Schmallenberg virus?

Vet J. Vector-borne transmission imposes a severe bottleneck on an RNA virus population. PLoS Pathog. Comparison of Schmallenberg virus sequences isolated from mammal host and arthropod vector.

Virus Genes. Genetic stability of Schmallenberg virus in vivo during an epidemic, and in vitro, when passaged in the highly susceptible porcine SK-6 cell line. Vet Microbiol. S segment variability during the two first years of the spread of Schmallenberg virus. PLoS One. Sequence analysis of Schmallenberg virus genomes detected in Hungary.

Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. Genetic diversity and reassortments among Akabane virus field isolates. Virus Res. In vivo and in vitro identification of a hypervariable region in Schmallenberg virus. Phylogeny of the Simbu serogroup of the genus Bunyavirus. Genetic characterization of the Wyeomyia group of orthobunyaviruses and their phylogenetic relationships. Congenital abnormalities in newborn lambs after infection of pregnant sheep with Akabane virus.

Infect Immun. The development of Akabane virus-induced congenital abnormalities in cattle. Congenital abnormalities in calves associated with Akabane virus and Aino virus. Aus Vet J. Arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome in neonatal calves resulting from intrauterine infection with Aino virus.

The resurgence of Shamonda virus, an African Simbu group virus of the genus Orthobunyavirus, in Japan. Genetic reassortment between Sathuperi and Shamonda viruses of the genus Orthobunyavirus in nature: implications for their genetic relationship to Schmallenberg virus.

Schmallenberg virus as possible ancestor of Shamonda virus. Pathways for entry of livestock arboviruses into Great Britain: assessing the strength of evidence. Bluetongue, ovine - Netherlands: confirmed. Serological screening suggests presence of schmallenberg virus in cattle, sheep and goat in the Zambezia province, Mozambique. This paper describes relevant preliminary findings from the first epizootic outbreak of ovine congenital malformations in the Netherlands. Between 25 November and 20 December , congenital malformations in newborn lambs on sheep farms throughout the country were reported to the Animal Health Service in Deventer.

Subsequently, small ruminant veterinary specialists visited these farms and collected relevant information from farmers by means of questionnaires. The deformities varied from mild to severe, and ewes were reported to have given birth to both normal and deformed lambs; both male and female lambs were affected.

Organ distribution of Schmallenberg virus RNA in malformed newborns. Vet Microbiol. Epub March Up-regulation of mRNA for matrix metalloproteinases-9 and in advanced lesions of demyelinating canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Acta Neuropathol. Gibbens N. Prevention of Schmallenberg virus. Vet Rec. Related Links More Letter Articles.

Articles by Country Search — Search articles by the topic country. Article Type Search — Search articles by article type and issue. Comments character s remaining. Comment submitted successfully, thank you for your feedback. There was an unexpected error. Message not sent. Page created: December 20, The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.

El virus de Schmallenberg fue detectado por primera vez en en Alemania y ulteriormente en en Francia. Abstract in English, French, Spanish.